Surface Biofunctionalization of Tissue Engineered for the Development of Biological Heart Valves: A Review

Valve replacement is the mainstay of treatment for end-stage valvular heart disease, but varying degrees defects exist in clinically applied valve implants. A mechanical requires long-term anti-coagulation, formation blood clots still inevitable. biological eventually decays following calcification due to glutaraldehyde cross-linking toxicity and a lack regenerative capacity. The goal tissue-engineered valves replace normal overcome shortcomings commonly used clinical practice. Surface biofunctionalization has been widely various fields research achieve functionalization optimize properties. It study tissue engineering recent years. proposed improve current commercial valve, it faces many challenges. This review aimed summarize modification strategies surfaces based on eliminate adverse reactions that occur after implantation. Finally, we also challenges possible directions future research.